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1.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 41: e41, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-845693

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in a sample of women in two small English-speaking Caribbean countries: Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Methods Sexually active women ≥ 30 years old attending primary care health facilities participated in the study. Each participant had a gynecological examination, and two cervical specimens were collected: (1) a specimen for a Papanicolaou (Pap) test and (2) a sample of exfoliated cervical cells for HPV DNA testing, using the HPV High Risk Screen Real-TM (Sacace). High-risk HPV genotypes were assessed in 404 women in Saint Kitts and Nevis and 368 women in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Results High-risk HPV was detected in 102 of 404 (25.2%) in Saint Kitts and Nevis and in 109 of 368 (29.6%) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. High-risk HPV genotypes 52, 35, 51, 45, and 31 were the most common high-risk types in Saint Kitts and Nevis. In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the most common high-risk HPV genotypes were 45, 35, 31, 18, and 51. Current age was found to be significantly associated with high-risk HPV infection in both countries. In addition, in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, high parity (> 3 pregnancies) and having had an abnormal Pap smear were found to be independent risk factors for high-risk HPV. Conclusions These results contribute to the evidence on HPV prevalence for small island states of the Caribbean and support the accelerated introduction of the 9-valent HPV vaccine in the two countries and elsewhere in the English-speaking Caribbean. Use of the study’s results to guide the development of policy regarding implementation of HPV testing as the primary screening modality for older women is recommended.


RESUMEN Objetivo Caracterizar la infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) de alto riesgo en una muestra de mujeres de dos países pequeños del Caribe de habla inglesa: Saint Kitts y Nevis, y San Vicente y las Granadinas. Métodos Participaron en el estudio mujeres sexualmente activas ≥ 30 años que acudieron a centros de atención primaria. Se realizó un examen ginecológico a todas las participantes y se le tomaron dos muestras cervicouterinas: 1) una muestra para efectuar la prueba de Papanicolaou y 2) células cervicouterinas exfoliadas para efectuar la prueba de ADN del VPH, mediante la prueba de detección del VPH de alto riesgo en tiempo real (HPV High Risk Screen Real-TM, Sacace). Se evaluaron los genotipos de alto riesgo del VPH en 404 mujeres en Saint Kitts y Nevis, y en 368 mujeres en San Vicente y las Granadinas. Resultados Se detectó VPH de alto riesgo en 102 de 404 mujeres (25,2%) de Saint Kitts y Nevis, y en 109 de 368 (29,6%) de San Vicente y las Granadinas. Los genotipos 52, 35, 51, 45 y 31 de VPH de alto riesgo fueron los detectados con más frecuencia en Saint Kitts y Nevis. En San Vicente y las Granadinas, los más frecuentes fueron los genotipos 45, 35, 31, 18 y 51. Se observó una relación significativa entre la edad actual y la infección por el VPH de alto riesgo en los dos países. Además, en San Vicente y las Granadinas, se halló que la multiparidad (> 3 embarazos) y los resultados anómalos de la prueba de Papanicolaou son factores de riesgo independientes de la infección por el VPH de alto riesgo. Conclusiones Estos resultados aportan datos acerca de la prevalencia del VPH en los estados insulares pequeños del Caribe y respaldan la introducción acelerada de la vacuna nonavalente contra el VPH en los dos países y en los demás países del Caribe de habla inglesa. Se recomienda aplicar los resultados de este estudio para guiar la formulación de políticas con respecto a la incorporación de las pruebas de detección del VPH como método primario de tamizaje en las mujeres mayores.


RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar as infecções pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV) de alto risco em uma amostra de mulheres de dois países pequenos do Caribe anglófono: São Cristóvão e Nevis e São Vicente e Granadinas. Métodos Mulheres sexualmente ativas com ≥ 30 anos de idade atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde participaram do estudo. Cada participante foi submetida a exame ginecológico e coleta de duas amostras do colo do útero: (1) uma amostra para exame de Papanicolau e (2) uma amostra de citologia esfoliativa para teste de DNA do HPV, utilizando o kit HPV High Risk Screen Real-TM (Sacace). A presença de genótipos de HPV de alto risco foi avaliada em 404 mulheres em São Cristóvão e Nevis e 368 mulheres em São Vicente e Granadinas. Resultados HPV de alto risco foi detectado em 102/404 mulheres (25,2%) em São Cristóvão e Nevis e em 109/368 (29,6%) em São Vicente e Granadinas. Os genótipos 52, 35, 51, 45 e 31 do HPV foram os tipos de alto risco mais comuns em São Cristóvão e Nevis. Em São Vicente e Granadinas, os genótipos do HPV de alto risco mais comuns foram 45, 35, 31, 18 e 51. Foi constatada associação significante entre idade atual e infecção por HPV de alto risco em ambos os países. Além disso, em São Vicente e Granadinas, multiparidade (>3 gestações) e Papanicolau anormal foram fatores de risco independentes para o HPV de alto risco. Conclusões Esses resultados contribuem informações sobre a prevalência do HPV nas pequenas nações insulares do Caribe e apoiam a introdução acelerada da vacina nonavalente contra o HPV nestes dois países e no restante do Caribe anglófono. Recomenda-se o uso dos resultados deste estudo para orientar a formulação de políticas com relação à implementação do exame de HPV como modalidade primária de triagem para mulheres mais velhas.


Subject(s)
Vaginal Smears , Saint Kitts and Nevis/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/virology
2.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 33(3): 159-165, Mar. 2013. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-674813

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the prevalence and distribution of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types among women in Jamaica, and to explore risk factors associated with HPV infection. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that took place in April-July 2010 with 852 sexually-active women, 16-49 years of age, who had attended a selected public or private primary health clinic in one of Jamaica's four health authority regions. Sociodemographic data was collected from each participant by trained study staff. Each participant had a gynecological examination that included a clinical Pap test and a cervical sample for HPV detection and typing-performed using the Research Use Only Linear Array (LA) genotyping assay (Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States). Overall and type-specific prevalence of HPV infection was calculated for 37 HPV types included in the LA genotyping assay. RESULTS: HPV DNA was detected in 460 of the 852 women (54.0%). Oncogenic HPV was detected in 297 women (34.9%) and HPV types 16/18 were found in 86 women (10.1%). The most frequently occurring HPV types were: 16 (6.2%); 35 (6.0%); 62 and 83 (5.5%); 61 and 58 (5.4%); 84 (4.7%); 18 (4.3%); and, 66 and 81 (4.2%). HPV prevalence was highest among women who were single, young (16-19 years), and had had more than three sexual partners in their lifetime. CONCLUSIONS: These results, coupled with high rates of cervical cancer, support introducing HPV vaccines while maintaining and strengthening cervical cancer screening services. Policy decisionmaking that reflects these results is instrumental to establishing a comprehensive cervical cancer program in Jamaica.


OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y la distribución de los tipos de virus de los papilomas humanos (VPH) genitales en las mujeres de Jamaica y explorar los factores de riesgo asociados con la infección por VPH. MÉTODOS: Este estudio transversal se llevó a cabo de abril a julio del 2010. Participaron 852 mujeres sexualmente activas, de 16 a 49 años de edad, que acudieron a uno de los consultorios públicos o privados de atención primaria seleccionados en cada una de las cuatro autoridades sanitarias regionales de Jamaica. Personal capacitado del estudio recopiló datos sociodemográficos de cada participante. Todas las participantes fueron sometidas a un examen ginecológico que comprendía una prueba clínica de Papanicolaou y la obtención de una muestra del cuello uterino a efectos de detectar y tipificarlos VPH mediante la prueba de genotipado Linear Array (LA) (Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianápolis, Indiana, Estados Unidos), de uso exclusivo en investigación. Se calcularon las prevalencias global y específica de tipo de la infección por VPH para los 37 tipos de VPH incluidos en la prueba de genotipado LA. RESULTADOS: Se detectó ADN de VPH en 460 de las 852 mujeres (54,0%). Se detectaron VPH oncógenos en 297 mujeres (34,9%), y VPH de los tipos 16 y 18 en 86 mujeres (10,1%). Los tipos de VPH detectados con mayor frecuencia fueron 16 (6,2%), 35 (6,0%), 62 y 83 (5,5%), 61 y 58 (5,4%), 84 (4,7%), 18 (4,3%), y 66 y 81 (4,2%). La prevalencia de VPH fue más elevada en mujeres solteras, jóvenes (de 16 a 19 años) y que habían tenido más de tres compañeros sexuales en sus vidas. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados, junto a las elevadas tasas de cáncer cervicouterino, fundamentan la introducción de las vacunas contra el VPH al tiempo que se mantienen y refuerzan los servicios de tamizaje del cáncer cervicouterino. Las decisiones políticas que se adopten como consecuencia de estos resultados serán determinantes para establecer un programa integral contra el cáncer cervicouterino en Jamaica.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cervix Uteri/virology , Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification , Cross-Sectional Studies , Jamaica , Papillomaviridae/classification , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Prevalence
3.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 25(3): 189-195, Mar. 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-515979

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess systemic and individual factors influencing participation of women in a screening program for cervical cancer. METHODS: In November 2000, a new cervical cancer screening program was introduced in the Region of San Martin, Peru. A total of 107 683 women, ages 25-49, were eligible for screening. This report covers the initial period from program inception through 31 October 2003. We used data from the program information system to identify systemic factors and individual characteristics influencing women's participation. We conducted a three-step analysis: we assessed systemic factors at the level of micronetworks or group of health centers, we estimated the odds of being a new user (never screened or not screened in the past 5 years) according to sociodemographic characteristics, and we assessed how women learned about the availability of screening services while controlling for influential factors identified in previous analyses. RESULTS: During the 3-year period, 36 759 eligible women attended screening services, for a participation rate of 32.3 percent. While attendance varied by area and time period, the program attracted 12 208 new users. Health care micronetworks with available static screening services had higher participation. New users were more likely than regular users to have less education and to report low use of family-planning services. All other factors being equal, they were also more likely than regular users to hear about screening services from a health care provider. CONCLUSION: In this setting, the presence of and contact with health services played a role in increasing the participation in screening of women not previously screened or not screened in the past 5 years.


OBJETIVOS: Evaluar los factores sistémicos e individuales que influyen en la participación de las mujeres en un programa de tamizaje de cáncer cervicouterino. MÉTODOS: En noviembre de 2000 se implementó un nuevo programa de tamizaje de cáncer cervicouterino en la región de San Martín, Perú. En total, 107 683 mujeres de 25 a 49 años eran elegibles para el tamizaje. Este informe cubre el período inicial desde el establecimiento del programa hasta el 31 de octubre de 2003. Se utilizaron los datos del sistema de información del programa para identificar los factores sistémicos y las características individuales que influían en la participación de las mujeres. Se realizó un análisis en tres etapas: se evaluaron los factores sistémicos a nivel de las microrredes o grupos de centros de salud, se estimaron las probabilidades de ser una nueva usuaria (nunca tamizada o no tamizada en los últimos 5 años) según las características sociodemográficas y se evaluó la vía por la que las mujeres habían conocido de la disponibilidad de los servicios de tamizaje, controlado por factores de influencia identificados en análisis previos. RESULTADOS: En el período de tres años, 36 759 mujeres elegibles recibieron este servicio, para una tasa de participación de 32,3 por ciento. Aunque la asistencia varió según la zona y el momento, el programa atrajo a 12 208 nuevas usuarias. Las microrredes sanitarias con servicios de tamizaje estáticos tuvieron una mayor participación. Las nuevas usuarias tenían menor nivel educacional y utilizaban menos los servicios de planificación familiar que las mujeres que se habían realizado la prueba con regularidad. Sin diferencias en el resto de los factores, las nuevas usuarias habían oído sobre los servicios de tamizaje más frecuentemente de los trabajadores sanitarios que las usuarias habituales. CONCLUSIONES: En este escenario, la presencia de servicios de salud y el contacto con ellos influyeron en el aumento de la participación...


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Community Participation/statistics & numerical data , Mass Screening/statistics & numerical data , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Peru
4.
Washington, D.C; Pan American Health Organization; 2004. 33 p.
Monography in English | LILACS | ID: lil-426419
6.
In. Tikasingh, Elisha S. Studies on the natural history of yellow fever in Trinidad. Port of Spain, Caribbean Epidemiology Centre, 1991. p.6-13, tab. (CAREC Monograph Series, 1).
Monography in English | LILACS | ID: lil-142621

ABSTRACT

Documentation of yellow fever in the Caribbean from as early as 1620. The disease in Trinidad is traced back to 1793, however, it is noted that no further documentation of epidemic activity was recorded until 1818, following which a number of outbreaks were reported on the island. A Table of outbreaks of yellow fever in the West Indies, 1620-1900 (Scott) is also presented


Subject(s)
Yellow Fever/history , Trinidad and Tobago , West Indies
7.
In. Tikasingh, Elisha S. Studies on the natural history of yellow fever in Trinidad. Port of Spain, Caribbean Epidemiology Centre, 1991. p.112-22, mapas, tab. (CAREC Monograph Series, 1).
Monography in English | LILACS | ID: lil-142632

ABSTRACT

A study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of a yellow fever vaccination campaign, which had been conducted in Trinidad, West Indies from November, 1978 through 1979. Evaluative tools consisted of: (i) an interview survey in a randomly selected sample of two hundred households, to determine immunization coverage and (ii) a serological study of 232 vaccines to ascertain protection conferred through use of 17D yellow fever vaccination. Results of the household survey indicate that approximately 12.53 per cent of the 1149 persons interviewed had not been vaccinated against yellow fever. In most instances, no substantial reasons could be advanced by respondents for non-immunization. Based on the performance of 13 plaque reduction neutralization tests, all but one of the 232 sera examined from people with a history of immunization posessess adequate humoral immunity to yellow fever. This study has, therefore, shown that the vaccination campaign, under review, was successful in achieving satisfactory protection of immunized persons, and in drastically reducing the number of susceptibles within the population.


Subject(s)
Immunization , Mass Vaccination , Yellow Fever , Trinidad and Tobago
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